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Phase 2: Normal Science (most common – science is generally stable)
A paradigm is established that lays the foundation for legitimate work within the discipline. The scientific work then consists of articulating the paradigm, of resolving the enigmas it raises.
A paradigm is a conventional basis for research; this sets a precedent.
Puzzles that resist solutions are considered anomalies.
Anomalies are tolerated and do not result in rejection of the theory, because scientists are confident that these anomalies can be explained over time.
It is necessary that normal science is not critical. If all scientists criticized a theory and spent time trying to falsify it, no detailed work would ever be done.
Phase 3: Crisis
This is where the paradigm shift happens.
Anomalies become serious and a crisis develops if the anomalies undermine the basic assumptions of the paradigm and attempts to eliminate them systematically fail.
In these circumstances, the rules for applying the paradigm become more flexible. Ideas that challenge the existing paradigm are developed.
In the event of a crisis, there will be “extraordinary science” where several theories will compete.
If the anomalies can be resolved, the crisis will be over and science will return to normal. Otherwise, there is a scientific revolution which involves a paradigm shift.
Chapters:
0:00 Scientific phases of Kuhn's paradigm
0:46 Paradigm
1:58 Four phases
2:18 Pre-paradigmatic phase
4:18 Normal sciences
5:37 p.m. Crisis
6:38 Scientific revolution
7:15 a.m. Anamolia
9:52 Paradigm shift
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