The Cretaceous period, the period that ended the Mesozoic era, lasted from 146 to 65 million years ago. During this period, Gondwanaland and Laurasia were divided into smaller landmasses that more closely resembled those of modern continents. The climate remains mild and humid but the seasons become more marked. Many cycads, seed ferns and conifers have been replaced by flowering plants and deciduous trees. With the evolution of new mammals, insects, fish, crustaceans and turtles, animal species have become more varied. Dinosaurs evolved into a wide variety of species during the Cretaceous; more than half of all known dinosaurs – including Iguanodon, Deinonychus, Tyrannosaurus and Hypsilophodon – lived during this period. However, dinosaurs became extinct at the end of the Cretaceous period. It is still unknown how this mass extinction occurred, but it is believed to be caused by climate changes due to either a catastrophic meteor impact with Earth or large volcanic eruptions.
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