Vassal states and colonies are not included in a country's population count.
Sources:
1. Population:
– Angus Maddison (2003), Historical statistics of the world economy
http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/home.htm
– Colin McEvedy and Richard Jones (1978), Atlas of World Population History
https://www.amazon.com/Atlas-World-Population-History-Hist/dp/0140510761
– Tacitus.nu
https://www.tacitus.nu/
2. Borders
– EmperorTigerstar – The history of Europe: every year
https://www.youtube.com/watch?voWWLECJnylM
– EmperorTigerstar – The History of the Middle East: Every Year
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v5eIADs7Ct-Q
– Ollie Bye – The Story of Africa: Every Year
https://www.youtube.com/watch?vNzKejJIwieE
3. Music
– mrgice3 – Gladiator – The Battle Super Theme Song
https://www.youtube.com/watch?vx7O5LE9ZM0k
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